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Why Mastercard just made a $100 million bet on Africa’s mobile money market

The $100 million investment from global payments giant Mastercard in the mobile money business arm of Airtel Africa announced this week is a sign of the rapid growth and optimism in Africa’s digital payment sector.

The transaction values the subsidiary, Airtel Mobile Commerce, at $2.65 billion. It follows a $200 million investment in the company by TPG’s Rise Fund just two weeks ago. Both TPG and Mastercard now have minority stakes in the company.

More than half of the world’s mobile money services are located in Africa, according to a recent report by GSMA, making it a fertile market for investors. Mobile money services are defined as being accessible to people who do not have formal bank accounts.

Kenya becomes the second African country to roll out 5G

Mobile network operator Safaricom has launched a 5G network in Kenya. This makes it the second country in Africa to roll out the technology to customers, according to GSMA, an organization representing mobile network operators worldwide. The company is trialling the technology in four towns, and expects to expand it to nine over the next year.

Safaricom CEO Peter Ndegwa described the launch last week as “a major milestone for the country.” The telco is implementing the project using technology from the Finnish company Nokia and the Chinese company Huawei.

GSMA defines the rollout of a commercial 5G network as one in which a customer can purchase a 5G subscription. MTN and Vodacom launched 5G in South Africa last year. Telecommunications companies in several other African countries are conducting trials for 5G, but they are not yet widely available for public use and thus not included in GSMA’s count.

Recent research from South Africa is redefining our timeline of human evolution

The Kalahari is a huge expanse of desert in southern Africa, stretching across Botswana and into the northernmost part of South Africa’s Northern Cape province.

It’s in the Northern Cape that we studied and described a new archaeological site, Ga-Mohana Hill, for research just published in Nature.

Our international team, made up of researchers from South Africa, Canada, the UK, Australia, and Austria, has found evidence for complex symbolic behaviors 105,000 years ago.

Humans use symbols as a shortcut to communicate important ideas. Identifying the ancient roots of symbolism is limited to what preserves over time. Large calcite crystals from several kilometers away were found in the cave alongside stone tools. Why the crystals were brought there is unknown; they are not modified and do not seem to have a functional purpose. They may have been collected for their aesthetic properties, or included in ritual activities.

Crystals are collected by many people around the world to this day for ritual purposes. Early humans bringing crystals into Ga-Mohana suggests innovation in how people interacted with each other and their environment.

But such ancient innovation didn’t occur in a bubble: there is context to when and where innovation occurs. What brought people there in the first place, at that time, to begin using those tools and collecting those crystals?

Reconstructing past environments allows us to understand this context. And so, a major part of our research centered on working out what the area’s climate was like 105,000 years ago. To do so, we looked at Ga-Mohana’s rocks.

The southern Kalahari is often considered too arid to be important for human evolution. Our work contradicts the idea of an arid and empty interior. At some points, Ga-Mohana was much wetter than today, with pools of standing water and waterfalls tumbling down the hillside. The fact that the climate was very different then opens up possibilities about why this previously under-appreciated region must have played an important role in our species’ evolutionary history.

Archaeological and geological fieldwork allowed us to piece together this story.
The rocks

Some kinds of rocks preserve traces of the past environment. The Ga-Mohana hillside is draped in deposits called tufa; these form from water leaking out of cracks in the bedrock. This occurs when underground aquifers are recharged with rain water and begin to overflow. Over time, these waters precipitate calcium carbonate and form tufa.

The tufa system is no longer active, apart from small drips during the rainy season. But the fossil tufas represent periods in the past when there was more water available. Similar structures are growing today at places like Sitting Bull Falls, New Mexico in the US. Knowing when the tufas formed at Ga-Mohana tells us when it was wetter there.

To find out how old the tufas are and when these wet periods occurred, we used a method called uranium-thorium dating. Uranium is radioactive, meaning that it decays at a constant rate over time and produces ‘daughter’ elements; thorium is one of them. When tufa forms, uranium is ‘locked’ into the crystal structure and begins to decay to produce thorium.

The uranium-thorium system acts like a clock that starts when the tufa is formed. By precisely measuring how much uranium and thorium is in the tufa today, we use the known decay rate to calculate when the ‘clock’ started. This method is routinely applied to cave deposits like stalagmites and flowstones but has not been used very much on tufa.

This is because dating tufas is not straightforward. Unlike protected caves, tufa forms in the open where sunlight, dust, and debris can contaminate the ages. It took several years of dedicated work to get around these problems: we chose the tufa samples in the field with care and used a sensitive laser to make images of the layers with the most uranium present. We could then target these layers for dating. This provided a real breakthrough.

In the end, we dated two layers from an ancient tufa waterfall to between 110,000 and 100,000 years old. This means that fresh water was flowing down the hillside at exactly the same time that people were living at the shelter. Such wet conditions at this time were unexpected, so we wanted to know what caused such a large increase in water to begin with.

To understand the reasons for the region being much wetter 105,000 years ago than it is today, we looked at how climate processes influence modern rainfall there.

We did this by comparing historical rainfall records to current major climate drivers. We then looked back into the past and used data from an ocean core (deep sea sediments drilled out of the ocean floor which record changes in the earth’s ocean and climate). These data show that parts of the Indian Ocean were warmer around 105,000 years ago. Climate systems are complex, but basically this would have increased the amount of rain in the southern Kalahari, filling the aquifer, and causing the build up of the tufa during this time period.
An important role

People were drawn to Ga-Mohana for many reasons. Surface water would have been one. The many ostrich eggshell fragments we also found were probably used as water carriers 105,000 years ago. Perhaps these were being filled with water as it flowed down the hillside. One possibility is that water carriers allowed our ancestors to travel further distances.

International women’s day at MFS Africa: An exclusive interview with the top 3 female executives

BI Africa: Please tell us how you came to be at MFS Africa?

Funmi: Being at MFS Africa, for me, is a reflection of my prior experience and a culmination of the journey I’ve taken so far. I started my career as a banking and finance lawyer in private practice in Nigeria over 15 years ago. Since then, I’ve moved to the UK and continued to practice as a commercial lawyer, first in private practice and then in-house with a pan-African bank. Over the stretch of my career, I’ve worked with African clients and on transactions with an Africa nexus because I have a passion for the continent and its development. My journey and passion made the choice to work at MFS Africa an easy one. Working with such a dynamic and impactful organisation combines my expertise with the ability to make a difference in the type of work we do here at MFS Africa.

BI Africa: You are working a lot alongside the innovation and technological industry, which is male-dominated. How do you react to some negative reactions/not being taken seriously?

Funmi: I’m a deep thinker, super resilient and an extremely positive individual, and I think these traits allow me to see past negative reactions and not being taken seriously in general.

However, the culture that you’ve just described is not a feature at MFS Africa. We have an unwritten ‘no assholes’ policy which translates into one of our core values, ‘Care’. We care about each other, the work we do and the people and markets to whom we provide our services. As a result, everyone’s views are taken seriously, regardless of gender, and ongoing feedback is one of the hallmarks of our culture. We are about 50% female across our workforce and in senior management. As an organisation, we have made a conscious decision to focus on talent and talented female representation.

BI Africa: Is it (still) necessary as a woman nowadays to decide between career and children, and what advice would you give to young women in this regard?

Funmi: There has been significant progress for women in this regard, but there is still work that can be done. This should not even be a choice that women have to make, but unfortunately, it still is. Although this is not the ideal, young women should be reminded that the choice between a career and children is not one that should be made for them, but one that they can make by themselves and on their own terms. They have the power and the ability to fashion their careers and family lives, and that power shouldn’t be surrendered to societal and cultural norms or to another human being’s prejudices and opinions. My advice to young women would encompass these principles but put simply, it’s this – do what is right for you.

BI Africa: What makes you a “superwoman”?

Funmi: I’ve never thought of myself as a superwoman. I simply live, love, work and play hard.

BI Africa: Tell us about a few women who inspire you.

Funmi: Like many, I’m inspired by women who break ceilings and records and those who lead with success. Christine Lagarde, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Jacinda Arden, Serena Williams and Chimamanda Adiche are a few examples. However, one woman inspired and continues to inspire me greatly and not because she was leading, but by her demeanour, her humility and her intelligence – and that’s Michelle Obama. In most of her public life, she occupied a traditionally supportive role, but she did it with grace, integrity, intellect, warmth and a great big smile. Those things made the world fall in love with her, and she demonstrated that anyone could make an impact regardless of the role they play, the position they occupy or the work they do.

BI Africa: How important is it for women to empower, support and lift each other up and what does that mean to you?

Funmi: Unfortunately, women have had to come from behind to try and win at this game of life. We’ve had to fight for the rights to vote, work, own property, enter legal contracts, hold public office, equal pay and reproductive rights, to name a few. This has made it important to have female representation around any table, not just for the women concerned now but for the women of the future and the world as a whole. As the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated, when women lead, the world benefits. Yes, women need to empower, support and lift each other up, but this is a collective responsibility. We should all fight for the freedoms and the empowerment of women. Like Chimamanda, I believe we should all be feminists.

BI Africa: What message do you want to share with young women who are thinking about their future careers?

Funmi: Dream big and never stop dreaming!

BI Africa: Please tell us how you came to be at MFS Africa?

Lutfiyya: I started on a completely different career path in Physiotherapy and always knew that I wanted to serve a higher purpose with my career choice. In my final year, I had to drop out due to health issues and subsequently pivoted to software development, where I graduated at the top of my class. A few years later, one of my lecturers, who had joined MFS Africa, reached out to me with an opportunity for a senior developer role. I was really excited because I was able to align my own values to MFS Africa by building solutions that impacted people’s lives.

BI Africa: You are working a lot alongside the innovation and technological industry, which is male-dominated. How do you react to some negative reactions/not being taken seriously?

Lutfiyya: Gender bias and stereotypes are all too prevalent, especially in STEM fields. It’s unfortunate, as this is a major deterrent for women and girls who want to pursue STEM careers, and we’re experiencing the impact of this in gender-biased algorithms. I am vocal against biases when I encounter them in my space, and I have learnt to let my work speak for itself. I’ve been to a developer conference in San Francisco where I could tangibly feel the difference in reception between the men at the conference and myself- a woman of colour in hijab. It was only until I started asking probing questions about their technical stacks, did they start to take me seriously. I’ve learnt that I have to make my voice heard and be confident in my own abilities.

BI Africa: Is it (still) necessary as a woman nowadays to decide between career and children, and what advice would you give to young women in this regard?

Lutfiyya: There is no simple answer to this. The reality is that women are carrying a heavier burden than men when it comes to childcare. Even studies show that after having children, a women’s earning potential drops significantly compared to their male counterparts, contributing to the gender pay gap. Unfortunately, Covid-19 has further exacerbated the childcare discrepancy, resulting in more women exiting the labour market due to this inequality. In many cases, women don’t have the luxury of choice.

For younger women who can pursue their careers and don’t want to sacrifice having children, I would advise them to align themselves with organisations that have inclusive policies, targeted support and diverse cultures. I also believe that honest and open conversations need to be had with partners around childcare to establish the necessary support structures and find the balance that works best in their situation, allowing both genders to thrive. I have two little children, and the only way I’ve been able to balance my career, home life and studying is through MFS Africa’s support, my incredible support structures and a partner who isn’t afraid to break the stereotypes and cultural expectations around caregiving roles.

BI Africa: Q: What makes you a “superwoman”?

Lutfiyya: I don’t think there is such a thing as a “superwoman”, as the word implies that women need to do it all on their own. Women shouldn’t feel the need to put pressure on themselves and aspire to perfection. It takes hard work, resilience, confidence and the ability to acknowledge room for growth in order to be successful. I have only been able to achieve what I have thus far because of my ecosystem of support. I believe that we need to normalise requesting for help, encourage our partners to step-up and let go of the need to be perfect all the time!

BI Africa: Tell us about a few women who inspire you.

Lutfiyya: There are so many! Here are some women I look up to and are doing some incredible work within their space today.

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie inspires me with her resolve to break gender stereotypes and her mission to redefine gender roles.

Rana el Kaliouby is focused on ethical development and deployment of AI and mitigating algorithmic biases. She’s also an incredible advocate for diversity and inclusion in tech and leadership.

Kimberly Bryant and Reshma Saujani who founded Black Girls Code and Girls Who Code, respectively. Both women recognised the importance of creating a supportive environment and opportunities for girls in tech.

BI Africa: How important is it for women to empower, support and lift each other up and what does that mean to you?

Lutfiyya: It is essential. When you get to the top, you have to be deliberate about throwing the ladder down for the next woman to climb it. By being intentional about celebrating each other’s achievements and supporting each other through mentorship and sponsorship, we accelerate much-needed progress for gender diversity and, in doing so, allow women to focus on delivering on their vision. I have been fortunate to have both male and female mentors at MFS Africa who truly care about my career path and encourage me through my success and failures.

BI Africa: What message do you want to share with young women who are thinking about their future careers?

Lutfiyya: I would really encourage women to be vocal, open and unapologetic in the pursuit of their dreams. I would also advise women to align themselves to an organisation that best supports their career aspirations, gives them focused experience and encourages them to keep learning and developing themselves.

BI Africa: Please tell us how you came to be at MFS Africa?

Rachel: I joined MFS Africa in early 2014. I had started my career in international development at the Millennium Challenge Corporation, and then transitioned to the private sector via business school and management consulting. While a consultant, I worked on a combination of financial services and telecom projects in several African countries. MFS Africa was for me the bringing together of the three threads of my career to date at that point – transformational economic impact, financial services, and telecommunications.

BI Africa: You are working a lot alongside the innovation and technological industry, which is male-dominated. How do you react to some negative reactions/not being taken seriously?

Rachel: As a woman in fintech, but not in a tech role, I have not faced the same sexism that many women still face in engineering, product, and developer roles. But I know that it’s real. And it is not a result of women not being confident enough in their skills and abilities and potential – it’s a result of men holding sexist attitudes. I have benefited from role modelling and peer leadership from so many talented women in my career, but I have also benefited from male colleagues who did not hold me back or second-guess me. So in my work as a non-technical leader in a fintech, one of the most important things I can do to create an environment in which women thrive is to hire and encourage men who are feminists and who encourage and celebrate women’s ambitions.

BI Africa: Is it (still) necessary as a woman nowadays to decide between career and children, and what advice would you give to young women in this regard?

Rachel: This is a difficult question because there is an enormous divide between women who can be selective in their choices of partner and employer, and those who are not. For women who want to raise children with male partners and have access to family planning, I would encourage them to partner with men who are committed to being equal partners in childcare. I would encourage all women to choose employers who offer appropriate family leave, and I would advise men and women in positions of influence to make their companies more family-friendly.

BI Africa: What makes you a “superwoman”?

Rachel: My superpowers are vision, strategy, and setting the right people in the right direction to bloom and shine. I also have strong cross-border spidey-senses: I’ve been privileged to work in over 20 African countries, so I bring a unique perspective to the applicability of various tactics and products in our key markets.

BI Africa: Tell us about a few women who inspire you.

Rachel: Rebecca Enonchong inspires me with great insights on the African tech ecosystem and courageous positions on politics and policy in Cameroon. Stacy-Marie Ishmael is a brilliant thinker on all things work, product, media, and the philosophy behind what is made for whom and how. Aminatou Sow is consistently creating her own path and re-establishing the centre around her when it comes to creativity, women in tech, and what’s important in life.

BI Africa: How important is it for women to empower, support and lift each other up and what does that mean to you?

Rachel: It’s great for women to empower, mentor, and sponsor other women. But the most important thing is for women and men to take steps to change cultures and norms that reward men for behaviours that women are punished for, like assertiveness and risk-taking.

BI Africa: What message do you want to share with young women who are thinking about their future careers?

Rachel: Your career path is yours, and it’s a portfolio of experiences, skills, knowledge, and relationships that you assemble over time. When you’ve gotten all you can out of a role, and given what you want to it, it’s time to move on to the next adventure. No job is forever, and no path is linear. Never stay somewhere where you are not appreciated and valued.

Isabel dos Santos sues Angolan government for ‘conspiracy to seize her assets’

The once considered richest woman in Africa, Isabel Dos Santos accused the Angolan government of ”conspiracy to seize her assets.”

Reports suggest that respondents of the case include President João Lourenço.

Dos Santos through the services of a private intelligence agency known as Black Cube has reportedly worked tirelessly to provide evidence in support of her claim.

The former chair of Sonangol national oil company received secret recordings from the private intelligence agency involving several high-ranking Angolan officials.

The recordings reportedly contain proof that there is a group within the Angolan government whose aim is “to coordinate a campaign to seize her assets.”

In her suit, Dos Santos made mention of the supposed pressures on the judicial system, while affirming that the infamous ‘’Luanda leaks’’, which revealed the presumed embezzlement of funds by her, were, in fact, an attack by the government.

One major issue of this battle is the control of Isabel Dos Santos’ stake in Unitel, the large private telecom company in this Central African nation.

The Angolan government froze Dos Santos’ assets claiming that she built her empire through corrupt means. She has been accused of embezzling state funds.